The position of this website is neither for or against The Family as it is a collaborative work that is aimed at supporting contributions from diverse individuals. Individuals contributing to this project might have taken up a favorable or unfavorable position on The Family but through peer review we maintain objectivity. If you have a factual correction to make, feel free to contact. While we may not agree with the facts as you see them we will take your suggestion into consideration and present the information here as fairly as possible.

Glossary - An index of definitions for terminology particular to The Family.

Children of God/The Family

The Children of God (COG), later known as the Family of Love and The Family and now The Family International, is a new religious movement that started in 1968 in Huntington Beach, California, USA. It sprung from the Jesus Movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

History

The Children of God (1968-1978)

The founder of the movement was a former Christian Missionary Alliance pastor, David Brandt Berg (1919-1994), also known as Moses David, Mo, Father David, King David, and Dad to adult group members and eventually as Grandpa to the group's youngest members.

Members of the Children of God founded communes, which they called "colonies", in various cities around the world. They would proselytize in the streets, and distribute literature. New converts who joined the movement had to memorize scripture verses and were expected to emulate the lives of early Christians and reject mainstream denominational Christianity. Berg communicated with his followers in his more than 3,000 published letters written over 24 years and called "Mo Letters" by members of the group.

The Children of God was technically disbanded in January of 1978 after Berg fired all 300 of his top leaders for failing to implement FFing (see below) and abusing their authority. This period was called the "Re-organisation Nationalisation Revolution" (RNR) by Berg. Most members of the Children of God were absorbed into the new Family of Love, which amounted to little more than a name change and new local leadership. Most of the group's beliefs remained the same.

"There has been much semantic posturing, much muddying the waters, and much waste of time over the issue of whether or not the Children of God still exist. These diversionary tactics were deployed to obfuscate the real issue which is whether or not the current leadership are responsible for what happened during the period up to the RNR ... I am totally satisfied that there was a continuous line of top leadership with David Berg and [Karen Zerby] at the helm regulating the affairs of the group which despite changes of name and shape, remained one and the same. The Mo letters relevant in the early days of the Children of God remained as relevant after the RNR and they continue to be relevant today. The name may have changed; various echelons of the leadership chain may have altered; but the command remained with Berg, [Karen Zerby], and his inner cabinet. I find that it was a disingenuous attempt to distance them from their responsibility both for what is and for what was." -- The Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Ward

The Family of Love (1978-1987)

As time passed Berg became more authoritarian and the literature distributed by the group began to be characterized by sexual innuendo. Around 1978, a technique of proselytizing called Flirty Fishing was developed in which members were encouraged to initiate sexual relations with non-members in order to win converts, supporters, and influential friends. Many female members began working for escort agencies. These and other practices caused many members who considered them questionable to leave the movement.

The practice of Flirty Fishing or "FFing" was later officially abandoned around 1987 because of the AIDS epidemic. There is at least one known case of a female member of the group contracting HIV from a blood transfusion and eventually dying of AIDS.

The Family describes the practice of Flirty Fishing as follows: "In the latter part of the '70s and early '80s, [David Berg], responding in part to the sexual liberality of that time period, presented the possibility of trying out a more personal and intimate form of witnessing which became known as 'Flirty Fishing' or 'FFing'. In his Letters at that time, he offered the challenging proposal that since 'God is Love' (1 John 4:8), and [what some believe to be] His Son, Jesus, is the physical manifestation and embodiment of God's Love for humanity, then we as Christian recipients of that Love are in turn responsible to be living samples to others of God's great all-encompassing Love. Taking the Apostle Paul's writings literally, that saved Christians are 'dead to the Law [of Moses]' (Romans 7:4), through faith in Jesus, [Berg] arrived at the rather shocking conclusion that Christians were therefore free through God's grace to go to great lengths to show the Love of God to others, even as far as meeting their sexual needs."

In his judgment of a child custody court case in England in 1994, after extensive research of Family publications and the testimony of many witnesses, The Lord Justice Ward said this about FFing:
"I am quite satisfied that most of the women who engaged in this activity and the subsequent refinement of ESing, (which was finding men through escort agencies), did so in the belief that they were spreading God's word. But I am also totally satisfied that that was not Berg's only purpose. He and his organization had another and more sordid reason. They were procuring women to become common prostitutes. They were knowingly living in part on the earnings of prostitution. That was criminal activity. Their attempts to deny this must be dismissed as cant and hypocrisy. To deny that the girls were acting as prostitutes because "we are not charging but we expect people to show their thanks and their appreciation and they ought to give more for love than if we charged them" is an unacceptable form of special pleading. The "FFers handbook" told the girls that fishing could be fun but fun did not pay the bills. "You've got to catch a few to make the fun pay for itself. So don't do it for nothing."

The Family (1987-1994)

In the 1990s numerous allegations of pedophilia and sexual abuse were laid against The Family in different locations worldwide, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and Venezuela (see links below). The Family leadership have maintained that they did not sanction or condone the sexual abuse of children. Some claim that government-led investigations and court cases did not convict Family members nor communities, and that no evidence of abuse was found in the 750 plus children examined by state authorities. An outline of each court case and excerpts of rulings of the courts can be found at [1].

Berg's writings, however, display an interest in, and lack of concern regarding, sexual contact with children. In "The Devil Hates Sex -- But God Loves It!", Berg wrote:

The only way to get free of (the devil) and his lies and his prohibitions and guilt complexes about sex is to get rid of his lies and his lying propaganda, his anti-sex propaganda, and believe the Lord and his word and his creation and God's love and his freedom! - that there is nothing in the world at all wrong with sex as long as it's practised in love, whatever it is or whoever it's with, no matter who or what age or what relative or what manner -- and you don't hardly dare even say these words in private. If the law ever got a hold of this, they would try to string me up! They would probably lynch me before I got to the jail! When Paul said "All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not expedient" (1 COR 6: 12), he was as good as saying, "I can indulge in any kind of sex I want to, but I've got to watch out for the System because it's against the law!" (Maria/Zerby: At least not let'em find out if you do it!)... We are free in privacy, and that's about all, and we mightn't be free if they discovered what we do in private!... There are no relationship restrictions or age limitations in his law of love.... If you hate sex you are one of the devil's crowd! If you think it's evil, then God and love are evil, for he created it! Come on, let's love and enjoy it like God does! He loves it.!

Berg would later describe his dreams of having sex with pre-pubescent girls (The Little Girl Dream) as well as his fantasies of having sex with his own mother. It should be noted that the Family has removed these publications from circulation in what they claim was an official renouncement of these teachings.

In addition, a childcare manual published by the group in January of 1982 vividly describes, with photographs, the sexual activity that took place between the son of Karen Zerby and his governesses, particularly Sara (also known as Sara Davidito, Sara Kelley, or Prisca Kelley; she later became a top leader in the organization). This 700-page manual, and all other publications that seem to approve of pedophilia or incest have since been removed from circulation, but copies still exist, mainly in the private collections of former members.

The boy mentioned above (the natural son of Karen Zerby and a Spanish hotel employee whom she "FFed"), was called Davidito (little David) within the group. His real name was Richard Peter Rodriguez (also Richard Peter Smith and David Moses Zerby). He was considered to be the adopted son of David Berg although no official adoption ever took place. As Davidito grew up he developed a deep seated resentment towards Berg and Zerby because of the sexual abuse he had suffered as a child due to their policies and because of the unnatural way in which he was raised. He would later state that he and his sister were never allowed to be "just children". They always had to perform and demonstrate their supposed natural superiority to other children in the group.

When Davidito grew to adulthood he left the group entirely, married and tried to live a normal life outside this group. In October 2004, he moved to Tucson,Arizona and worked as an electrician for a business owned by a former member. According to accounts by his friends and relatives, he moved there because he heard his mother had visited and he wanted to find her. In January 2005, he arranged a meeting with a close associate of his mothers and one of his former abusers, Angela Smith (formerly Susan Joy Kauten) and stabbed her to death in his apartment. He then drove to Blythe, Arizona where he shot himself in the head. He released a video to be distributed to friends, family and former members explaining his actions. According to an article in the New York Times, in the video, "he said he saw himself as a vigilante avenging children like him and his sisters who had been subject to rapes and beatings. "There's this need that I have," he said. "It's not a want. It's a need for revenge. It's a need for justice, because I can't go on like this." "Murder and Suicide Reviving Claims of Child Abuse in Cult, Laurie Goodstein, New York Times, January 15, 2005. pg. A-1.

The group's current policy (as of 1995) forbids, under penalty of full excommunication, sexual contact with minors, and the group has not accepted any responsibility for abuses that occurred during the more permissive period created by Berg's writings. It maintains, rather, that any abuses were the work of individual members. According to Eileen Barker's book An Introduction to New Religious Movements, the group has been acquitted of all charges of sexual abuse of children. The Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Ward ruled in a 1995 court case that the group, including its top leadership had engaged in abusive sexual practices involving minors, that they had also engaged in severe corporal punishment and sequestration of minor children. However, in a last minute turn around, he said that The Family had abandoned these former practices and that they were a safe environment for children, with some reservations: he required that the group cease all corporal punishment of children in the United Kingdom, improve the education of members' children, denounce Berg's writings, and "acknowledge that through his writings Berg was personally responsible for children in The Family having been subjected to sexually inappropriate behaviour" (see links below).

Although the group has publicly renounced former policies and doctrines that condoned or encouraged sex between adults and minors, in their internal publications there has been no such renunciation. Evidence of this is represented by the following quote from Family leader Karen Zerby:

"This [sexual contact between adults and minors] is about the only subject where we're really going along with the System, we're playing along with them, we're acting like we believe what we did was wrong, because we have changed, and stopped doing it . . . We need to somehow explain to our [teenagers] that love and loving affection is not wrong. As it says in [Berg's writings], if it's not hurtful, if it's loving, then it's okay. Of course, having actual intercourse with a child wouldn't be okay as it wouldn't be loving, but a little fondling and sweet affection is not wrong in the eyes of God, and if they have experienced the same in the past they weren't 'abused.' . . . We need to explain to our [children] that any experience they may have had along these lines, if it was loving and if it was desired, was not wrong. We need to show them that even if in some case the experience for them wasn't so great, that by comparison to what goes on in the System, it still wasn't 'abuse.'" --[Karen Zerby], Summit '93, Mama Jewels #2, 1992. p.19. [2]

The Family International (1994-present)

After Berg's death in October of 1994, Karen Zerby, from Tucson, Arizona in the USA, known in the group as Mama, Maria Fontaine, or Queen Maria, took over leadership of the group. She then married her longtime lover, Steven Douglas Kelly, an American also known as Christopher Smith, Peter Amsterdam, or King Peter. He became her traveling representative due to Zerby's hermitic separation from her followers.

In February of 1995, the group introduced a Charter of Rights and Responsibilities. As its title implies, it set forth a new way of living within the organization. The rights referred to were what a member could expect to receive from the group and how members were to be treated by leadership and fellow members. The responsibilities referred to were what a member was expected to give to the group if he or she wished to remain a full-time member, including tithing of up to fourteen percent of his or her income (ten percent to World Services, three percent for regional services and projects, and one percent typically to regional literature publishing). It provided that any of the rights could be revoked at any time by Zerby and Kelly, and more responsibilities could be added.

Recent teachings

Of the more unusual teachings Zerby has propagated, her encouragement to followers to engage in a spiritual sexual relationship with Jesus stands out as the most unusual. Male members of the group are encouraged to visualize themselves as women "in the spirit" during masturbation or intercourse in order to accommodate this practice. This doctrine is explained in the Family publications Loving Jeus Part 1 and Loving Jesus Part 2

The Family also believes in channeling spiritual beings through prophecy. Members are encouraged to hear from Christ and other spiritual beings multiple times during each day and to make both large and small decisions in consultation with the spirit world. They do this individually and in prayer groups with all members typically expected to contribute at will. It is not uncommon for members to believe they are channeling well-known people from history who are communicating from the afterlife.

Prior to the 1990s this sort of prophecy was not as common among members and was more typical among leadership and prominent members. David Berg himself clearly drew many teachings from external secular and religious references and sources, usually without attribution, and he also frequently channeled people from the afterlife. But it was after his death that the process became more democratized and Zerby has strongly preferred to call on spiritual beings for instructions and advice. It is possible this was prompted in part by clinical blindness that she developed during the 1990s.

As a fundamentalist Christian group, The Family's doctrines tend to be progressive, with a few exceptions. For example, while they view male homosexuality as sin, they are generally accepting of lesbianism, or at least female bisexuality. This was not always the case and more acceptance spread throughout leadership during the 1990s, influenced partly by Karen Zerby's discussions of her own same-sex encounters.

The Family has also slowly moved away from traditional protestant doctrines of Salvation as a requirement before death to one of Universal Reconciliation. This has partly come about in order to reconcile their belief in hell with other strongly held beliefs in god's absolute love for mankind and forgiveness for human weakness.

The Family continues to stress the imminent Second Coming of Christ, and the rise of a worldwide government and Antichrist figure preceding that. These doctrines regarding the "End time" influence virtually all long-term decision making.

The second-generation

Zerby's practices and teachings have alienated many of the second-generation members of the group, who have left in large numbers to pursue secular careers. There is a great deal of anti-Family sentiment among many of those who have left, including threats to legally pursue alleged physical and sexual abusers, whom, it is thought, may have been shielded from prosecution by the group's leadership.

As former missionary kids, this second-generation of former members have now become adults. Many have returned to the country of their citizenship and have, thus, become Third Culture Kids (TCKs).

Many of these former second-generation members have kept in communication with each other. A notable example of this is their use of the site, MovingOn.org. Generally, many of them have left the religious discipline of their parents. The Family International prefers to call these former members apostates. The former members resent this label, as most of them never chose to join this group in the first place (they were born into it) and, thus, can not rightly be called "apostates".

Secrecy

A consistent trait throughout the history of The Family has been their aversion to government oversight and extreme secrecy surrounding leadership and finances. World Services (WS), the central administrative wing of The Family, continues to operate in complete secrecy, with very few members of The Family actually knowing their whereabouts or the identities of the members of those offices, most of whom operate under pseudonyms instead of their more commonly known "Bible names". Many of them have also legally changed their names and some sources have indicated that they have used fake passports in the past.

Senior leadership also typically still attempt to keep their legal names from common circulation, although this has became more difficult through the second half of the 1990s, due to legal action in many countries. In particular, a major court case in England brought to light many formerly guarded names of senior members.

In The Family's publications printed photographs of WS members were typically "censored" by means of a rudimentary pencil drawing pasted over the persons face. It was not uncommon in Family-produced art for Berg's head to be replaced with that of a hand-drawn lion.

Following the death of David Berg in 1994, all members of The Family were finally allowed to see up-to-date photographs of the organization's late founder. For many members this was the first time they had ever seen a photograph of his face. In recent years, Steven Kelly has carried pictures of Karen Zerby with him on travels to show members, since most have never seen a picture of their spiritual leader prior to this.

Although, by now, most of the group's members will have seen photographs or video footage of Karen Zerby and Steven Kelly, their identities and location are still heavily guarded by those members working closest to them. Recent photographs or video footage of Karen Zerby, Steven Kelly, and most WS members are not readily available even to fulltime members of The Family.

Finances

Family finances are based on a system of tithing. Ten percent of all income for all members is required to be donated to World Services. A further three percent, typical in every region, is to be donated to the regional offices for locally administered projects and a community lending program. A further one percent is given for regional literature publishing.

A study of how The Family channels funds around the world is very interesting from a sociological angle since it depends largely on trust of carefully placed non-senior members who typically manage bank accounts in their own names that contain organization funds. Surprisingly very little graft has been experienced, and the notable cases involved insubstantial amounts of money.

Organization literature includes many discussions of impending world financial doom. The Family as a result has gone to considerable lengths to avoid investments and actions that it deems unstable in the event of a world financial crash. Typically they store any large amounts of funds in Japanese Yen and Swiss Francs, with other large reserves transferred into gold bullion.

The Family has consistently avoided property investments and stocks or bonds, believing them to be too high risk and too subject to government oversight.

Criticism

The group has often and heavily been criticized by the press, the anti-cult movement, and the Christian countercult movement. In 1972, an organization called FREECOG was founded by concerned family members of followers to "free" them from their involvement in the group.

Notable members

Actors River Phoenix, Joaquin Phoenix, Summer Phoenix, Rain Phoenix, and Rose McGowan were members of the group during their childhood. Jeremy Spencer, a former member of Fleetwood Mac, is currently a member of the group.

Statistics

According to the Children of God, there were 130 communes or "colonies" in 15 countries in 1972. In 1993, 7,000 of the 10,000 members were under 18 years of age. Recent statistics by The Family International puts full-time and fellow members at just over 11,200 in over 100 countries (around 4,000 adult full-time members and 4,000 children). Some estimates have placed the total number of people that have passed through the group at 35,000.

Programs, projects, and productions

The Family International (as the group calls itself today) or The Family International Fellowship has various programs through which it operates. The main ones include Family Care Foundation (FCF), Aurora Productions, and Activated Ministries. However, the group has many other local foundations and projects in various countries throughout the world, for example (note: Some of the following may no longer be active):

World Services (WS; location a closely guarded secret; they can be contacted through a Post Office box in Zurich, Switzerland that has been open for over two decades with the mail handled by the European regional office (EURCRO)
Family Missions Foundation in Zug, Switzerland
Heaven's Magic
Martinelli
Fellowship of Independent Christian Churches
Donate Car for Charity Spring Valley, California, USA
Teaching, Education and More (TEAM) Foundation in Dallas, Texas, USA (EIN 75-2790783)
East European Christian Correspondence Center in Hungary (previously the "MM Home")
Asia Vision in Thailand
Los Angeles Missionary Base (LAMB)
Bluebird Family Foundation in Hungary
Golden Sunrise Productions Co., Ltd. in Taiwan
The Spiritual Retreat and Missionary Training Program in USA
Mission Support & Humanitarian Services Program
Immediate Disaster Relief in India
New Horizons - Student Interchange in India
Helping Hands
Milk for Many/Mexcity Mission
KidzVids International, based in Humble, Texas, USA
The Extra Mile
The Family Singers (they usually perform at the White House every Christmas)

Aurora Production AG

Aurora Production AG, based in Zug, Switzerland, is the copyright holder and owner of all of The Family International's revenue-producing productions. These include publications, music, and videos (i.e. Countdown to Armageddon and Treasure Attic). Although ultimate control over this company is in Steven Kelly's hands, on paper the following people are listed as running this company [3]:

Claes Furusjö (Director; Johanneshov, Sweden; former WS finance manager)
Richard Müller
Barbara-Maria Buzzi
Ernst Steiner (Hünibach, Switzerland)
Michael Andrew Darley (Houston, Texas)
Alconsa Finanz AG (Auditor)

Family Missions Foundation

Family Missions Foundation, based in Zug, Switzerland [4], receives and processes the tithes of members. The board has many of the same names as for Aurora Production AG. The two key people are:

Chris Smith (aka Steven Kelly; registered in Luzern, Switzerland)
Thomas Mestyanek (registered in Los Angeles, USA; also Finance Manager of The Family International)

Activated Ministries

A Family International–operated charitable foundation in Escondido, California (EIN 33-0857142). All the Directors are Family International members. Thomas Hack, a high-ranking Family International officer and former director of FCF, is the President. Activated Ministries is a licensed distributor of Aurora products worldwide, including the magazines Activated and The Wine Press, both of which promote Family International beliefs and practices. It is The Family International's largest outreach operation. Activated Ministries openly acknowledges its support of The Family International and links to The Family International website. Activated Ministries has also made at least one cash donation to FCF. [5] [6]

Productions

Active areas

Areas where The Family International have remained active for many years and are generally active today include:

Leadership, Regional Offices, and Management

The leadership of The Family International is headed by:

Karen Elva Zerby

- spiritual leader of The Family International

- American

- legally changed her name to Katherine Rianna Smith, 4-Nov-1997

- Aliases: Maria, Mama, Maria Fontaine, Maria David, Maria Berg, or Queen Maria

Steven Douglas Kelly

- head-leader of The Family International

- American

- legally changed his name to Chris Smith

- Aliases: Peter Amsterdam or King Peter

Kevin Anthony Brown

- senior leader under Karen Zerby and Steven Kelly (less officially Grant Montgomery)

- American

- legally changed his name from Samuel Charles Perfilio, 29-Sep-1993

- Aliases: Matthew or John PI

Under them, management is divided into World Services, Creations, and Family Care Foundation. The following is a sample of The Family International's current and former leadership or high-profile members (note: Many of them have legally changed their names and have adopted either "Brown" or "Smith" as their surnames):

World Services (WS)

Thomas Mestyanek

- Finance Manager of The Family International

- Aliases: Shemariah Books or Elliot

Sean Michael Mullen

- senior leader under Kevin Brown

- American

- Aliases: Francis Fisherman

Gayle Kelly

- member of North American leadership (NACRO) and Director of the TEAM Foundation; former wife of Steven Kelly

- American

- Aliases: Abi, Abigail or Damaris

David Forsberg

- member of North American leadership (NACRO)

- Aliases: Simon

Thomas Hack

- member of North American leadership (NACRO) and President of Activated Ministries; former FCF Director

- American

- Aliases: Abner

Barbara Ann Emerson

- Executive Secretary to Karen Zerby

- American

- Aliases: Misty

John Francis

- spokesman for The Family International

Claire Borowik/Borowitz

- an official representative of The Family International

Christina Healey
Jacqueline Sue Scott

Creations

Micheal Timothy Brown

- head of Creations

- American

- legally changed his name from Terry Lee Martin

- Aliases: Gabe, Jeremy Woods, or John

Donna Kinnikin

- head of Creations

- Canadian

- Aliases: Vicky or Amy

Thomas Leonard

- part of Creations

- Aliases: Will

Carol Lloyd

- part of Creations; former wife of Philip (EURCRO)

- American

- Aliases: Palestina

Cheryl Anne Brown

- part of Creations

- American

- legally changed her name from Kathleen Mary Fowler, 17-Jun-1993

- Aliases: Bonnie

Family Care Foundation (FCF)

Grant Cameron Montgomery

- President of FCF; former Prime Minister of The Family International

- Canadian/American

- legally changed his name to Lee Ronald Smith, 21-Dec-1992

- legally changed his name back to Grant Cameron Montgomery, 29-Oct-1996

- Aliases: Gary, Hosanna, or Paul Papers

Lawrence Corley

- Executive Director of FCF

Ken Kelly

- an FCF Director; brother of Steven Kelly

- American

- Aliases: Steve Tall

Dr. Christine Mlot

- Treasurer of FCF; wife of Ken Kelly

- American

Arthur Lindfield and Becky Lindfield

- FCF India

- Aliases: King Arthur

Thomas B. Bergstrom

- FCF Indonesia

Mike Edwards

- FCF Mexico; former member of North American leadership team (NACRO)

- American

- Aliases: Dust

Former leaders

Sara Kelley

- former leader and nanny of Davidito

- American

- Aliases: Prisca Kelley or Sara Davidito

Alfred Strickland Kelley

- former leader

- American

- Aliases: Alf or Ready

Victor Landivar Trigoso

- former leader and current member in Russia

- Peruvian

- Aliases: Francis or Peruvian Manuel

Arnold Dietrich

- not a member for many years, former leader and son-in-law of David Berg

- American

- Aliases: Arny or Big Josh

Angela Marilyn Smith

- deceased (Jan-2005); part of Karen Zerby's staff for over 30 years, former FCF director, and former director of a retirement home (Elderhaven, Inc.) run by Zerby's parents in Arizona

- American

- legally changed her name from Susan Joy Kauten, 14-May-1993

- Aliases: Ceder, Joy, Trust, Hope, or Sue

Regional Offices

The Family International divides regional management into zones that have changed very rarely and typically in very small ways over its history. They are:

ASCRO (Asian Central Reporting Office): Southeast Asia and Indian Subcontinent; administered in Bangkok, Thailand
EURCRO (European Central Reporting Office): Europe, Africa, most of Russia; administered near Zurich, Switzerland by:
- Lisa (Norwegian)
- Philip or Zadock Lloyd (American)
NACRO (North American Central Reporting Office): United States, Canada, Mexico, Carribean and some countries of Central America; administered in Dallas, TX by:
- Gayle Kelly (American)
- Thomas Hack (American)
- David Forsberg
PACRO (Pacific Area Central Reporting Office): Japan, China, Korea, Australia, Far East Russia and other countries of the Pacific; administered in Tokyo, Japan and Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Also known as FENRO (Far East National Reporting Office) when it was located in Hong Kong prior to the 1990s
SACRO (South American Central Reporting Office): South America; administered in Santiago, Chile
- Juan Rosas (Peruvian)

Each region is managed by a team of Continental Officers (COs), each team typically having five to seven members. The management structures beneath the CO team are more variable and their members are changed frequently.

References

Academic

Bainbridge, William Sims (2002). "The Endtime Family: Children of God". State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1997). "Dear Colleagues: Integrity and Suspicion in NRM Research" University of Haifa, Haifa, ISRAEL. Abridged version
Chancellor, James (2000). "Life in The Family: An Oral History of the Children of God". University of Syracuse Press, Syracuse, NY.
Collins, John J. (1991). "The Cult Experience: An Overview of Cults, Their Traditions and Why People Join Them". Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield.
Kent, Stephen A. (1994). "Lustful prophet: A psychosexual historical study of the children of god's leader, David Berg." Cultic Studies Journal 11 (2), 135-188.
Kent, Stephen A. (1994). "Misattribution and social control in the Children of God." Journal of Religion and Health 33 (1), 29–43.
Kent, Stephen A. (2000). "Brainwashing and re-indoctrination programs in the Children of God/The Family." Cultic Studies Journal 17, 56–78.
Langone, Michael D (Ed.) (1993). "Children and Cults"in Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-3933-1321-2.
Lewis, James R, and J. Gordon Melton, eds. (1994). "Sex, Slander and Salvation; Investigating The Family/Children of God". Center for Academic Press, Stanford, CA.
Lynch, Dalva, and Paul Carden (1990). "Inside the 'Heavenly Elite': The Children of God Today.". Christian Research Journal, pp 16.
McFarland, Robert (1994). "The Children of God." The Journal of Psychohistory 4(21).
Melton, J. Gordon (2004). "The Children of God, 'The Family' (Studies in Contemporary Religion vol. 7)". Signature Books. ISBN 1-5608-5180-5.
Melton, J. Gordon and Robert L. Moore (1982). "The Cult Experience: Responding to the New Religious Pluralism". The Pilgrim Press, New York, USA.
Palmer, Susan J. (1994). "Heaven's Children: The Children of God's Second Generation" in Lewis JR and Melton JG (eds.) (1994) Sex, Slander, and Salvation: Investigating The Family/Children of God Stanford, California: Center for Academic Publication. ISBN 0-9639501-2-6. (Note: This book was funded by The Family International)
Palmer, Susan J., and Charlotte Hardman eds. (1999). Children in New Religions (3rd ed.). Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2620-5.
Shepherd, Gary, and Lawrence Lilliston (1994). "Field Observations of Young People's Experience and Role in The Family" in Sex, Slander, and Salvation, op. cit.
Wilson, Bryan and Jamie Cresswell, eds. (1999). "New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response". Routledge, London, UK.
Wright, Stuart (1987). "Leaving Cults: The Dynamics of Defection". Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. Washington, D.C., USA.
Van Zandt, David (1991). "Living in the Children of God". Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersy.

Journalistic and popular

Bainbridge, William Sims (1996). "The Sociology of Religious Movements". Routledge. ISBN 0-4159-1202-4.
Barrett, David V. (1989). "New Religious Movements, A Practical Introduction". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0-1134-0927-3.
Barrett, DV (1996). "Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions". Blandford A. Cassell. ISBN 0-7137-2567-2.
Chancellor, James D. (2000). "Life in the Family: An Oral History of the Children of God". Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0645-1.
Davis, Deborah (1984). "The Children of God: The Inside Story". Zondervan. ISBN 0-3102-7840-6. (Davis is one of David Berg's daughters.)
Palmer, Susan and Hardman, Charlotte (edited) (1999). "Children in New Religions". Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2619-1.
Williams, Miriam (1999). "Heaven's Harlots: My Fifteen Years As a Sacred Prostitute in the Children of God Cult". Quill. ISBN 0-6881-7012-9.
"30 Members of Children of God arrested" (September 2, 1993). Washington Post, pp. A05
"The Family" and Final Harvest" (June 2, 1993). Washington Post, pp. A01
McManus, Una (1980). "Not for a Million Dollars". Impact Books. ISBN 0-9148-5054-7.

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